Anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects of Gentiana lutea leaf and Gentianella crispata aerial part extracts in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats

J Ethnopharmacol. 2026 Mar 11:121519. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2026.121519. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Different gentian preparations are used as traditional remedies for internal pain control. However, comparative data on different Gentiana species are scarce, and their therapeutic potential remains underexplored.

AIM OF THE STUDY: This study presents a comparative phytochemical investigation and evaluates the anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving potential of Gentianella crispata and Gentiana lutea, using both chemical profiling and an in vivo model of rheumatoid arthritis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Phytochemical profiles were analyzed using LC-HRMS, focusing on the identification of iridoid glycosides, xanthone derivatives, and flavonoid glycosides. The anti-arthritic potential was evaluated in a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced rheumatoid arthritis model in rodents. Behavioral, sensory, and inflammatory parameters were assessed, including thermal and cold allodynia, weight grip tests, paw edema, and body weight monitoring.

RESULTS: LC-HRMS analysis revealed that both species shared major classes of secondary metabolites, particularly iridoid glycosides and xanthone derivatives. G. crispata showed a more diverse and abundant profile of flavonoid glycosides and corymbiferin-type xanthones, whereas G. lutea was richer in iridoids. In the in vivo model, both extracts demonstrated partial anti-arthritic efficacy. High doses of G. crispata moderately improved muscle function and reduced paw inflammation, effects likely attributed to its bellidifolin content. In contrast, G. lutea showed limited or adverse effects at lower doses, including weight loss and decreased grip strength.

CONCLUSIONS: While both species exhibit potential in the management of inflammation-related disorders, G. crispata appears more promising, particularly at higher doses. These findings support further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of action.

PMID:41825728 | DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2026.121519