Musculoskeletal Pain and Related Factors in Breastfeeding Women During the First 6 Months

J Community Health Nurs. 2026 Mar 10:1-12. doi: 10.1080/07370016.2026.2642051. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain related to breastfeeding positions in the first six months postpartum and to identify associated factors.

DESIGN: A descriptive, cross-sectional study.

METHODS: Data were collected from 216 breastfeeding women attending a pediatric outpatient clinic in a tertiary hospital between June 2023 and January 2024. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using the Individual Information Form, the Women's Postpartum Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire, and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, independent t-tests, and multivariable linear regression analyses were used to examine factors associated with upper extremity functional disability (p < 0.05).

FINDINGS: Musculoskeletal pain was highly prevalent: 90.7% reported lower back pain, 63.9% neck pain, 62.5% back pain, and 34.3% shoulder pain. Pain severity often increased during breastfeeding, with onset typically within four weeks postpartum. Ergonomic practices such as using a nursing pillow or chair were rarely adopted. The football hold position was associated with lower back pain, while the cross-cradle hold increased shoulder pain (p < 0.05). Mothers who received social support and used physical support equipment had lower DASH scores, indicating reduced disability. In multivariable linear regression analysis, rocking the baby to sleep in the arms and breastfeeding-related shoulder and neck pain were independently associated with higher DASH scores, whereas receiving support for daily activities was associated with lower functional disability (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Postpartum musculoskeletal pain is common and associated with non-ergonomic breastfeeding practices and insufficient support. Education on correct breastfeeding positions, ergonomic aids, and social support may reduce pain and improve maternal well-being. Community health nurses and midwives play an important role in early identification and prevention.

PMID:41804213 | DOI:10.1080/07370016.2026.2642051